With Russia’s Land Invasion Bogged Down, Moscow May Turn to Submarine Warfare

The skills and capabilities needed for Ukraine to conduct anti-submarine warfare (ASW) along Western lines would be time-consuming and expensive to generate,” Sidharth Kaushal and Kevin Rowlands write in a March 7 essay for the Royal United Services Institute (RUSI). ... “The platforms involved are too expensive and small in number to be gifted,” RUSI said. “Assets such as the P-8 maritime patrol aircraft or specialist ASW frigates are unlikely to be transferred, and the Ukrainian armed forces would struggle to crew, operate and protect them in any case.”