Klaudia Szabelka

Klaudia is a researcher in International Law and Cybersecurity currently pursuing two PhD programmes at the University of Glasgow and Glasgow Caledonian University. She holds degrees in International Law and Security (LLM, with Distinction) and in Politics and Economics (First Class MA).

Klaudia's international academic training – from Columbia and Harvard to Sciences Po and Aarhus – has exposed her to diverse academic perspectives and methodologies, while her research assistantships have honed her ability to deliver rigorous analysis. Beyond research, she has presented her work internationally at the United Nations University, Sciences Po, the Regulating Security in Cyberspace conference in Granada and the University of Aberdeen. Most recently she published a policy-oriented book chapter, Securing Digital Sovereignty Through AI: Balancing Innovation, Ethics, and Data Protection (IGI Global, 2026).

Klaudia's project focuses on the legal thresholds governing offensive cyber operations, the classification of cyber actors under international humanitarian law, and questions of state and individual responsibility in cyberspace. In more detail, her research interrogates the legal frameworks that govern offensive cyber operations in the context of Russia-Ukraine warfare, specifically examining the unique hybrid actor IT Army of Ukraine and its implications for international law.