Toward a 'Green Intelligence'? The Intelligence Practices of Non-Governmental Organisations Which Combat Environmental Crime

Environmental crime is increasingly recognised as transnational organised crime, and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) work to combat it by operating in spaces where formal enforcement processes are absent or under resourced. Some NGOs conduct and support investigations, gather and analyse intelligence, provide evidence at court and in some cases have a prosecutorial mandate, yet their activities have rarely been studied in depth. This primary and exploratory study contextualises NGO intelligence practices within policing and security literature, to nuance intelligence theory of non-state actors and highlight opportunities to further combat environmental crime.